Time in Quantum Geometrodynamics

We revisit the issue of time in quantum geometrodynamics and suggest a quantization procedure on the space of true dynamic variables. This procedure separates the issue of quantization from enforcing the constraints caused by the general covariance symmetries. The resulting theory, unlike the standard approach, takes into account the states that are off shell with respect to the constraints, and thus avoids the problems of time. In this approach, quantum geometrodynamics, general covariance, and the interpretation of time emerge together as parts of the solution of the total problem of geometrodynamic evolution.Comment: 17 pages, 0 figures, formatted with LaTex, IJMP-A in pres

Constraints in Quantum Geometrodynamics

We compare different treatments of the constraints in canonical quantum gravity. The standard approach on the superspace of 3--geometries treats the constraints as the sole carriers of the dynamic content of the theory, thus rendering the traditional dynamical equations obsolete. Quantization of the constraints in both the Dirac and ADM square root Hamiltonian approaches leads to the well known problems of time evolution. These problems of time are of both an interpretational and technical nature. In contrast, the geometrodynamic quantization procedure on the superspace of the true dynamical variables separates the issues of quantization from the enforcement of the constraints. The resulting theory takes into account states that are off-shell with respect to the constraints, and thus avoids the problems of time. We develop, for the first time, the geometrodynamic quantization formalism in a general setting and show that it retains all essential features previously illustrated in the context of homogeneous cosmologies.Comment: 36 pages, no figures, submitted to IJMPA, Rewording, Fixed Typo

Tools for estimating the effectiveness of import-substituting modernization : sase in the agriculture of Russia

The paper explores the approaches to estimate the effectiveness of import substitution, justifies the need to develop a new tool that allows conducting a comprehensive analysis of the impact of import substitution policies on economic modernization. The authors‘ methodology for estimating import-substituting modernization based on an integral indicator is proposed and its practical approval is carried out using agriculture in Russia as an example. The analysis of the results allows the authors to conclude that the import-substituting modernization process is uneven and slow. To activate and accelerate the processes, it is necessary to stimulate domestic demand. The developed tools react quite sensitively to changes in the industry and make it possible to identify cause-effect relationships in a structured factorial analysis of processes.peer-reviewe

Adaptation of market strategies of TNCs in Russia in the context of import substitution policy

The policy of import substitution carried out in Russia objectively affected the interests of leading transnational corporations (TNCs) operating in the Russian markets. The restriction of imports of intermediate goods and the fall in the purchasing power of Russian consumers have formed for TNCs both new problems and new opportunities. The analysis of the integration of TNCs in the Russian policy of import substitution is carried out in the article; their role in the development of industries and agriculture is revealed. It is revealed that the strategies of TNCs are characterized by great flexibility, which allowed them to reduce the negative impact of sanctions and geopolitical tensions. TNCs widely use the strategy of acquisition of popular Russian brands. The weakening ruble and the cheapening of labor costs became additional decision-making factors for the localization of production and selection of local suppliers of intermediate goods, investing in modernization of production facilities, the establishment of added value chains with the involvement of national producers that contributed to the successful embedding of TNCs in the policy of import substitution.peer-reviewe

Потенциал экономического сотрудничества России со странами СНГ

The paper studies the specifics of integration processes in the space of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The development of foreign trade and foreign direct investments has been analyzed. The distinguishing features of integration processes have been revealed. The potential for cooperation between the countries has been estimated. It has been shown that the level of the economic integration of Russia with the CIS countries has unstable dynamics. The results obtained allow concluding that the greatest potential is in the cooperation between Russia and the CIS countries in trade, mainly with those countries that are also members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It has been established that the potential for the development of cooperation in the production and innovation spheres between the CIS countries is significantly lower than the potential for the development of foreign trade. This is because direct investments are much more inert in comparison with trading operations. The obtained results confirm the experts’ opinion on the predominant development of integration processes in the CIS format along the path of creating high value-added chains of products.En el artículo se examina la especificidad de los procesos de integración en el espacio de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI). Se analizó el desarrollo del comercio exterior y la inversión extranjera directa. Se identificaron las características distintivas de los procesos de integración. Se ha evaluado la capacidad de cooperación entre los países. Se ha demostrado que el nivel de la integración económica de Rusia con los países de la CEI tiene una dinámica inestable. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que la cooperación de Rusia con los países de la CEI en el ámbito del comercio tiene el mayor potencial, principalmente con los países que también forman la parte de la Unión Económica Euroasiática (UEE). Se ha determinado que la capacidad de cooperación en la esfera de la producción y la innovación entre los países de la CEI está muy por debajo de la capacidad del desarrollo del comercio exterior. Esto se debe a que las inversiones directas son mucho más inertes que las operaciones comerciales. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la opinión de los expertos sobre el desarrollo predominante de los procesos de la integración en el formato de la CEI por el camino de la creación de las cadenas del alto valor añadido de la producción.В статье исследована специфика интеграционных процессов на пространстве Содружества Независимых Государств (СНГ). Проанализировано развитие внешней торговли и прямых иностранных инвестиций. Выявлены отличительные черты интеграционных процессов. Произведена оценка потенциала кооперации между странами. Показано, что уровень экономической интеграции России со странами СНГ имеет неустойчивую динамику. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать вывод, что наибольшим потенциалом обладает кооперация России со странами СНГ в сфере торговли, причем преимущественно с теми странами, которые входят также в Евразийский Экономический Союз (ЕАЭС). Установлено, что потенциал развития сотрудничества в производственно-инновационной сфере между странами СНГ существенно ниже потенциала развития внешней торговли. Это объясняется тем, что прямые инвестиции являются намного более инерционными по сравнению с торговыми операциями. Полученные результаты подтверждают мнение экспертов о преимущественном развитии интеграционных процессов в формате СНГ по пути создания цепочек высокой добавленной стоимости продукции